signed
1868
1868. Union Pacific Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad made possible the winning, settlement and development of the American West. It led to a revolution in interstate and international trade, opening the markets of the west coast and Asia to the east and Europe, while bringing products of eastern or European industry to the growing populace west of the Mississippi and beyond. The railroad caused a great production boom, and was in a sense America’s first technology corridor. As it encouraged the growth of American trade and business, so too did the railroad impact the nation's public discourse and intellectual life by making it possible to come and go across the length of the continent in just over a week. Now, for the first time, the beauties and riches of the central part of the continent could be accessed any anyone in days. Nothing was the same afterwards. Many people consider the Transcontinental Railroad the greatest technological feat of the 19th century, and one of the most consequential major construction projects ever undertaken.Before the advent of the Transcontinental Railroad, a journey across the continent to the west coast meant months of careful preparation and acquisition of a conveyance and supplies, then a dangerous six month trek over rivers, deserts, and mountains, all the way risking the loss of necessities and encounters with blizzards and Indians. Alternatively, a traveler could hazard a three to six month sea voyage around ferociously stormy Cape Horn (which proved a graveyard to many ships), or sail to Central America and cross the Isthmus of Panama through the jungle, in part by pack animal and in part by rail, which took five or six weeks, risking exposure to any number of deadly diseases in the crossing. So it is no surprise that interest in building a railroad uniting the east and west coasts of the continent began soon after the advent of the locomotive.Early Trains in the US and the Idea to Build a Train Connecting East and West CoastsThe first trains began to run in the U.S. in the 1830s along the East Coast, and by the 1840s the nation's railway networks extended throughout the East, South, and Midwest. The annexation of the western territories (including California) following the Mexican War, the almost immediately subsequent discovery of gold in the region in 1848, the resultant Gold Rush starting in 1849, and statehood for California in 1850 brought momentum to the idea of building a railroad across the nation to the Pacific. Meanwhile, thousands of immigrants and miners sought their fortune in the West. During the 1850s, Congress sponsored numerous survey parties to investigate possible routes for a transcontinental railroad. No particular route emerged as a clear favorite, as the project became yet one more point of contention between the North and South before the Civil War, with each wanting the railroad to go through their section.Theodore Judah was a civil engineer who helped build the first railroad in California, and he became obsessed with the idea of a transcontinental railroad running through Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California. In 1859 he drew up letters of incorporation for the Central Pacific Railroad Company. Judah surveyed the route, creating maps that he used to bolster a presentation of the scheme he made to Congress in October 1861. Many Congressmen were leery of beginning such an expensive venture, especially with the Civil War underway, but President Abraham Lincoln, a long-time supporter of railroads, saw in the proposal an important additional opportunity: to help knit California and the West to the Union. He agreed with Judah, and on July 1, 1862, Lincoln signed the Pacific Railway Act, authorizing land grants and government support, which amounted to $32,000 per mile of track laid, to two companies, the Central Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroad. The Central would start at California’s eastern rail point in Sacramento, cross the Sierras, go through Nevada and into northern Utah where it would meet up with the Union Pacific. The Central Pacific Railroad spiked the first rail on October 26, 1863, and its construction crews began building the line east from Sacramento.At the eastern end of the project, Gen. Grenville Dodge and his assistant, Peter Dey, surveyed the potential route the Union Pacific would take. They recommended a line that would follow Nebraska’s Platt River, along the North Fork, would then cross the Continental Divide at South Pass in Wyoming and continue along to Green River, then head into Utah. President Lincoln favored this route and made the decision that the eastern terminus of the Transcontinental Railroad would be Council Bluffs, Iowa, across the Missouri River from Omaha, Nebraska.The Union PacificThomas Durant, a medical doctor turned businessman, gained control of the Union Pacific Railroad Company in July 1863. Though Durant took the office of vice president, he was the actual leader of the railroad. In 1864 Congress passed the second Pacific Railway Act, which doubled the size of the land grants and allowed the railroads to sell their own bonds. The Union Pacific began to lay tracks at Omaha, Nebraska, in July 1865. But Durant's management of the actual building of the rail line was sub par, and lacked both organization and people with sufficient knowledge and skills to accomplish its ambitious task.So as 1866 dawned Durant hired Grenville Dodge as chief engineer of the railroad (Dodge began advising Durant immediately although he would not leave the service until May), and Dodge insisted up front that Jack Casement and his brother be hired to lay the track and actually construct the Union Pacific line. John S. (Jack) Casement had worked as a railroad contractor on the Ohio Railroad prior to the Civil War. During the war he rose to the rank of General and Brigade commander, and was admired for his bravery, management skills, and railroad experience. Jack and his brother Daniel had formed the firm of J.S. & D.T. Casement; “General Jack” was construction leader, while Daniel handled financial matters.Jack and Dan Casement Build the RailroadThe Casements came to an understanding with Durant, and they agreed upon a proposal letter dated February 6, 1866. That letter provided that the Casement firm would ""lay and fill the track on the Union Pacific Rail Road for seven hundred fifty dollars per mile, on the following terms and conditions. The Rail Road Company to furnish motive power, cars, wood and water and tracks for boarding cars and pay for delays of over three consecutive days caused by want of material, motive power or other default or neglect of Company. The track to be laid in a good and workmanlike manner and filled and surfaced with material taken from the side of the road, the whole to be subject to the approval and acceptance of the Engineer of the Company in charge of the work, and the track to be accepted on the completion of every twenty miles, and approximate estimates to be made by the Engineer in charge and paid monthly. We will lay the track as fast as required (not to exceed one mile per day), and will at the option of the Company on ten days notice reduce our gang to a force sufficient to lay one half mile per day. We will furnish engineer men and all other help for the trains used in distribution of material, and take the materials for track at any point on the Rail Road within one hundred feet of the track and we will furnish oil waste etc for trains in our employ. All trains used in construction or for any purpose by us are to be run subject to the regulations & schedule time of the Company & under the general control of the Superintendent of the Company. We will make no extra charge in cutting and filling, in leveling ties, unless it exceeds six inches. No extra charge for putting in frogs and switches for all necessary sidings. And we will place the labor of all our men at the disposal of the Company whenever the delays exceed three days and charge for their time as per our payroll. We will commence as soon as the Company requires & will lay track during the whole of the present season and longer if the Company requires.” This proposal was signed “J.S. & D.T. Casement.” Durant responded to the Casements two days later, on February 8, 1866. His letter stated: “J.S. & D. T. Casement, Painesville, Ohio. Gentlemen: Your proposition to the Union Pacific Railroad Company under date of Feb. 6, 1866, in relation to track-laying is received and has been considered. The Company decides to regard your proposition and this acceptance as the agreement upon the subject. The Company reserves the right to terminate this arrangement in case you do not perform the agreement on your part. Yours truly, Thomas C. Durant, V. P.""Jack Casement was responsible for all matters relating to building the Union Pacific. He hired the workers (many of whom were former military personal), gathered the materials and supplies, and went into the field. As during the war, his post was at the front, in the construction camps (which he ran like an army), at the end of the line where the work was being done, or in his car at the tail of the work train. Scrappy and hard-working, he oversaw not just the laying but the grading of the track as well. As one of the necessities of his job, to get to and from the work sites, the Union Pacific presented him with annual passes to use their cars.Jack Casement’s engraved Union Pacific pass for 1868, used by him to manage and supervise work on the Transcontinental Railroad, signed by Company President John D. Perry. This pass was retained by Casement’s descendants until recently, when we obtained it directly from them.Under Casement’s leadership, the Union Pacific laid 1,087 miles of track, from Fremont, Nebraska, west to Utah where the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads met to form the transcontinental railroad. His was a magnificent achievement that compares well with the Central Pacific Railroad, which laid 690 miles.On April 9, 1869, with construction work nearing a conclusion and both the Union Pacific and Central Pacific needing a meeting point, Congress established it as Promontory Summit, north of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Less than one month later, on the morning of May 10, 1869, locomotives from the two railroads met nose-to-nose to signal the joining of the two lines. At 12:57 p.m. local time, at a ceremony planned to connect the railroads, Leland Stanford, Governor of California and president of the Central Pacific, and Durant as vice-president of the Union Pacific, were to pound in the golden spike with silver hammers. Both men proved unable to hit the spike, so Jack Casement stepped up to do the job, accompanied by much cheering from the workers surrounding him. Telegraphers announced the completion of the Pacific Railway. Canons boomed in San Francisco and Washington. Bells rang and fire whistles shrieked as people celebrated across the country. The nation was indeed united. (Inventory #: 9533)
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